According to Euler’s buckling theory, buckling occurs when a slender structural member under compression suddenly bends sideways before the material reaches its strength limit. This type of failure is caused by instability, not material crushing, and is strongly influenced by the member’s length, stiffness, and end conditions.

Modern design codes such as the AISC Steel Construction Manual and Eurocode 3 account for buckling by limiting slenderness and applying safety factors. Considering buckling in design helps ensure columns and compression members remain stable and safe under load.